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home - gallery package - The Space Race ... and beyond

Gallery Package - The Space Race ... and beyond
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Newspaper headlines following the news that Russia had launched a rocket on a journey to the moon.<br>3rd January 1959
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The Russian built Luna 1 (Lunick One) - the first ever space probe. Launched into space towards the moon on 2nd January 1959.
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On January 11, 1960 a center for preparing cosmonauts was established 30 kilometers away from Moscow. Today the Cosmonaut Training Center has a unique training and scientific potential: its large simulator base permits practically in full to model a space flight in conditions of the Earth. The Center has put into orbit over 80 space expeditions, over 350 crews including stand-by and reserve. Among them are more than 30 international crews of astronauts from 17 countries -- the United States, China, Slovakia, Austria, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, the United Kingdom, Germany, Syria, France, Japan and the European Space Agency. A spacewalk, so far as a training session. Photo by Alexander Mokletsov. From the RIA Novosti archives. 83-15051a
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Space pilot German Titov preparing for a flight. June, 1960.
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Capt Ralph Richardson adjusts the helmet of Major Robert White, US Air force, in the cockpit of the X-15 rocket plane just before it flew 24 miles above the earth.<br>Edwards Air Force Base California<br>13th August 1960
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Edwards Air Force Base, California, 4th August 1960<br>Walker Ends Record Flight<br>Joe Walker, National Aeronautics and Space Administration test pilot, prepares to leave the cockpit of the X15 rocket plane after flying it 2,150 miles an hour over the California desert today. It was faster than any man has flown before.
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Crewmen aboard the USS Donner lift the cover from the couch and &quotHam", the space chimp, gets his first breath of fresh air and a look at the activity around him after being picked out of the sea after his 420 mile ride through space. The animal rode in a mercury capsule atop a Redstone rocket fired yesterday from Cape Canaveral, Florida. USA - 1st February 1961
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Major Robert White, US Air force,stands besidef the X-15 rocket plane just after his record flight of 2650mph<br>March 7th 1961 <br>Edwards Air Force Base California<br>
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00023714 Sergie Korolyov (1907-1966) - Rocket scientist. Sergei Pavlovich Korolyov holding a dog before its flying into space, 1950s
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00023717 Sergie Korolyov (1907-1966) - Soviet rocket scientist who designed the early space rockets1. At the control desk at the moment of launching Gagarin in Vostok-1, April 1961.
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Cosmonaut Yury Gagarin before flying into space.
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Hero of the Soviet Union Pilot-Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin upon the Vostok spaceship landing.
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Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin aboard 'Vostok-1' spacecraft (from 'The Soviets in the Space' documentary).
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April 12th 1961 , Cosmonauts' Day, marks the first manned space-flight. The Vostok space-craft piloted by Soviet pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made the world's first orbit space flight. Yuri Gagarin on board the Vostok space-craft. April 1961. Photo from the archives of RIA Novosti. 81 - 1908.
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The recovery module of Yury Gagarin's Vostok spaceship on the landing site.
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The world's first manned spaceship, the Vostok (East), is put on public display for first time in Moscow today. Vostok capsules like this one are carried Yuri Gagarin and 5 together Soviet cosmonauts in orbit, one at a time. Voskhod (Sunrise) capsules that have orbited more than one person have not been shown publicly.
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USA Florida -- 1962 -- President John F Kennedy (left), John Glenn (centre) and General Leighton I Davis ride together during a parade in Cocoa Beach, Florida after Glenn's historic first US human orbital spacefight -- Picture by Lightroom Photos / NASA *NB Not fully retouched for dust, scratches
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President John F. Kennedy declares the USA will get a man on the moon, and safely bring him back, by the end of the decade.<br>Houston, Texas, USA: President John F. Kennedy (Centre) of America is pictured receiving a model of Apollo space-craft here today. Behind him is the proposed moon landing craft called &quotMoon Bug" seen at the right is American Vice-President, Mr Lyndon B. Johnson.<br>12 September 1962 <br>©TopFoto
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Pilot-Cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova before lift-off.
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Washington, DC, USA. June 3rd 1965. President Lyndon B Johnson of America watches launching of US astronauts, James McDivitt and Edward White on a television screen in the White House.
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Pasadena, Cal : Dr William Pickering, Director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Pasadena, stands before a model of the American spacecraft, Mariner - 4, holding one of the pictures it sent back to earth of the planet Mars.<br>16 July 1965
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Cape Kennedy, Oct 25- Their Flight Was Scrubbed - Astronauts Walter Schirra, foreground, and co-pilot Thomas Stafford, all suited up and ready, walk toward their Gemini 6 spacecraft at Cape Kennedy today but several hours later their flight was scrubbed. The flight was postponed after the Agene rocket failed to achieve orbit. The plan had been to rendezvous with the Agene in space. 1965.
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Huntsville, Alabama: Workmen put finishing touches on this huge 138 foot Saturn V Rocket booster recently, before moving it out of the hanger for static test firings in the spring.<br>This booster was designed to prove the propulsion system. Later models will be used for moon flights. (note size in comparison to the car on the left)<br>4 February 1965
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Command Pilot John Young the astronaut who is due to be placed in orbit together in a Gemini space capsule on March 23rd pictured during preparations for Americas two man space flight. They are scheduled to take off from Cape Kennedy, Florida, on a Titan II rocket for three orbits of the earth.<br>17th March 1965
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Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov was the world's first to emerge into open space. Leonov outside the Voskhod-2 orbital craft, piloted by Pavel Belyaev. March 18, 1965
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'Moon men' checking over the Surveyor craft (designed to make a soft landing on lunar terrain) in the San Gabriel mountains of California. 1966
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Cape kennedy: Apollo spaceship for the first Saturn 5 super rocket flight undergoes testing at the moonport here january 10. The apollo will be unmanned and will be hurled more than 8,000 miles from earth late this spring to test its heatshield on a 25,000 mph drive to earth. First manned flight of the 36 storey Saturn 5 Moon Rocket is set for later this year.<br>11 January 1967
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Mosco: Automatic station Luna - 9 made the first landing on the moon and transerred the TV image of Lunar surface to earth. On jshow at the new &quotSpace" Pravilion Exhibition of National Economic Achievements.<br>21 August 1967
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Major William Knight walks away from the scorched tail section of the X-15 rocket aeroplane after streaking to a new world speed for winged aircraft, a record of 4,534mph<br>Edwards Air Force Base California<br>4th October 1967<br>
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Apollo 8 Command service module is being removed from the Altitude Chamber for instalation in the workstand at the Manned Spacecraft Operations building. When launched, Apollo 8 will be the second manned flight in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Lunar Landing Program. 3rd October 1968.
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Leonid Brezhnev, CPSU Central Committee Secretary General, right, and Alexei Kosygin, USSR Council of Ministers Chairman, left, in the funeral procession of Yuri Gagarin, the world's first spaceman, and pilot Engineer-Colonel Vladimir Seregin
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Leave-taking ceremony for Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov, who died in the crash landing on April 26, 1967.
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A space container with test animals landing at a preset point.
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Pilot cosmonaut Andriyan Nikolayev learning to take pictures under zero-gravity conditions.
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Apollo11<br><br>The National Aeronautics and Space Administration<br>(NASA) has named these three astronauts as the prime crew of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission. Left to right, are Neil A. Armstrong, commander; Michael Collins, command module pilot; and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., lunar module pilot. <br>(MAY 1969)
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The crew men of the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission leave the Kennedy Space Center's (KSC) Manned Spacecraft Operations Building (MSOB) during the pre-launch countdown. Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, commander; Michael Collins, command module pilot; and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., lunar module pilot, ride the special transport van over to Launch Complex 39A where their spacecraft awaited them. Liftoff was at 9:32 a.m. (EDT), July 16, 1969.
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Moon landing 1969
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Space walker - walking on the moon
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Moon Landing - Apollo II 1969
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Washington, DC: Split screen of President Richard talking talking via telephone to moon walkers. 1969 ©Larry Mulvehill / The Image Works
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Dietologist prepares food for Soyuz-9 space crew.
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SCIENTIFIC CURIOSITIES<br>Moon rock sample (on display in the laboratory at NASA) brought back from the first USA landing on the Moon
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Apollo 12 was the second mission to land humans on the Moon. The landing site was picked to be near the location of Surveyor 3, a robot spacecraft that had landed on the Moon three years earlier. In the above photograph, taken by lunar module pilot Alan Bean, mission commander Pete Conrad retrieves parts from the Surveyor. The lunar module is visible in the distance. Apollo 12 brought back many photographs and moon rocks. Among the milestones achieved by Apollo 12 was the deployment of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package, which carried out many experiments including one that measured the solar wind. <br>
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On November 10, 1970, an automatic station Luna-17 was launched to the Moon to land a moon rover Lunokhod-1 on the Earth's closest neighbour. The self-propelled machine then managed to pass a few hundred metres before it spent its energy resources. The experiment for the first time proved that it was possible to make mobile automatic research laboratories for researching other planets. Pictured: the station Luna-17 and the Lunokhod-1 landing on the Moon (drawing). Photo from RIA Novosti's photo bank. A70 - 33860
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A B Shepard Jr on moon surface - Apollo 14
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Scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt is photographed standing next to a huge, split lunar boulder during the third Apollo 17 Extravehicular Activity (EVA-3) at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. Schmitt is the Apollo 17 lunar module pilot. This picture was taken by astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, commander. While Cernan and Schmitt descended in the Lunar Module (LM) &quotChallenger" to explore the Taurus-Littrow region of the Moon, astronaut Ronald E. Evans, command module pilot, remained with the Apollo 17 Command and Service Modules (CSM) &quotAmerica" in lunar-orbit. 12/13/72©NASA / The Image Works<br>
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Apollo 15 astronaut on the lunar surface, 1971. Astronaut James Irwin, with the Lunar Rover (right) and the Lunar Module nearby, salutes the Stars and Stripes. Apollo 15, the fourth successful lunar landing mission, was launched on 26th July 1971, carrying David Scott, Irwin and Alfred Worden. Worden remained in lunar orbit in the Apollo Command Module while the other two astronauts descended to the Moon, becoming the seventh and eighth men to walk on its surface. Apollo 15 was the first mission to use the battery-powered Lunar Rover which, with a top speed of 14 kilometres per hour, considerably increased the distances that astronauts could cover while exploring the lunar surface. <br>Credit: Spectrum Colour Library / HIP / TopFoto
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The Mariner Mars 1971 spacecraft is a Mars orbiter which is fully attitude stabiized using the sun and the star Canopus as the basic attitude references. The spacecraft's basic structure is a 40 pound, 8 sided magnesium framework with eight electronic compartments. The electronic assemblies fastened within the compartments provide structural support to the spacecraft. The weight of the spacecraft is approximately 2200 pounds. The launch vehicle/spacecraft upper adapter weight is about 72 pounds. The spacecraft measures 8 feet from the separation plane to the top of the low gain antenna and has a burn out weight of approximately 1190 pounds. Its span is 22 feet 7 1/2 inches with the solar panels extended. The basic octagonal structure is 54 1/2 inches high. Four solar panels, each 84 1/2 inches long and 35 1/2 inches wide, are attached on outriggers to the octagon.
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S73-22871 (13 December 1972) --- Scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt is photographed standing next to a huge, split lunar boulder during the third Apollo 17 Extravehicular Activity (EVA-3) at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), which transported Schmitt and Eugene A. Cernan to this extravehicular station from their Lunar Module (LM), is seen in the background. The mosaic is made from two frames from Apollo 17 Hasselblad magazine 140. The two frames were photographed by Cernan. photo credit: NASA / The Image Works
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AS17-134-20425 (11 December 1972) --- Scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt, lunar module pilot, collects lunar rake samples at Station 1 during the first Apollo 17 Extravehicular Activity (EVA-1) at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. This picture was taken by astronaut Eugene Cernan, commander. The lunar rake, an Apollo lunar geology hand tool, is used to collect discrete samples of rocks and rock chips ranging in size from one-half inch (1.3 centimeter) to one inch (2.5 centimeter). photo credit: NASA / The Image Works
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AS17-145-22157 (12 December 1972) --- Scientist-astronaut Harrison Schmitt, Apollo 17 lunar module pilot, uses an adjustable sampling scoop to retrieve lunar samples during the second Apollo 17 extravehicular activity (EVA-2), at Station 5 at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. A gnomon is atop the large rock in the foreground. The gnomon is a stadia rod mounted on a tripod, and serves as an indicator of the gravitational vector and provides accurate vertical reference and calibrated length for determining size and position of objects in near-field photographs. The color scale of blue, orange and green is used to accurately determine color for photography. The rod of it is 18 inches long. The scoop Dr. Schmitt is using is 11 3/4 inches long and is attached to a tool extension which adds a potential 30 inches of length to the scoop. The pan portion, obscured in this view, has a flat bottom, flanged on both sides with a partial cover on the top. It is used to retrieve sand, dust and lunar samples too small for the tongs, another geological tool used by the astronauts. The pan and the adjusting mechanism are made of stainless steel and the handle is made of aluminum. Within the foreground of this scene, three lunar samples were taken --numbers 75060, 75075 and 75080. Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, crew commander, was using a 60mm lens on the 70mm Hasselblad camera and type SO-368 film to take this photograph. photo credit: NASA / The Image Works
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AS17-134-20426 (11 December 1972) --- Scientist-Astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt collects lunar rake samples at Station 1 during the first Apollo 17 extravehicular activity (EVA-1) at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. This picture was taken by Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, Apollo 17 commander. Schmitt is the lunar module pilot. The Lunar Rake, an Apollo Lunar Geology Hand Tool, is used to collect discrete samples of rocks and rock chips ranging in size from one-half inch (1.3 cm) to one inch (2.5 cm). photo credit: NASA / The Image Works
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Apollo17<br><br>Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, commander, makes a short checkout of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) during the<br>early part of the first Apollo 17 Extravehicular Activity (EVA-1) at the Taurus-Littrow landing site. This view of the<br>&quotstripped down" LRV is prior to loading up. Equipment later loaded onto the LRV included the ground-controlled television assembly, the lunar communications relay unit, hi-gain antenna, low-gain antenna, aft tool pallet, lunar tools and scientific gear. This photograph was taken by scientist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt, lunar module pilot. The mountain in the right background is the east end of South Massif.<br><br> (11 December 1972)
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Apollo16<br><br>Astronaut John W. Young, commander of the Apollo 16 lunar landing mission, leaps from the lunar surface as he salutes the United States flag at the Descartes landing site during the first Apollo 16 extravehicular activity (EVA-1). Astronaut Charles M. Duke, Jr., lunar module pilot, took this picture. The Lunar Module (LM) &quotOrion" is on the left. The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is parked beside the LM. The object behind Young (in the shade of the LM is the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph. Stone Mountain dominates the background in this lunar scene. <br><br>(21 April 1972)
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Astronaut from Apollo 17 mission saluting American flag while walking on the moon. 1972 ©NASA / The Image Works
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Astronaut from Apollo 17 mission walking on the moon. 1972 ©NASA / The Image Works
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Apollo 11<br><br>Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission, poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity (EVA) on the lunar surface. The Lunar Module (LM) is on the left, and the footprints of the astronauts are clearly visible in the soil of the Moon. Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, commander, took this picture with a 70mm Hasselblad lunar surface camera. While<br>astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin descended in the LM, the &quotEagle", to explore the Sea of Tranquility region of the<br>Moon, astronaut Michael Collins, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) &quotColumbia" in lunar-orbit.
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(13 December 1972)<br>Astronaut Eugene A. Cernan, Apollo 17 commander, salutes the deployed United States flag on the lunar surface<br>during Extravehicular Activity (EVA) of NASA's final lunar landing mission in the Apollo series. The Lunar Module (LM) is at left background and the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) also in background, is partially obscured. The photo was made by astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt, lunar module<br>pilot. While astronaut's Cernan and Schmitt descended in the LM &quotChallenger" to explore the Taurus-Littrow region of the Moon, astronaut Ronald E. Evans, command module pilot, remained with the Command and Service Modules (CSM) &quotAmerica" in lunar-orbit.
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Awkward and angular looking, Apollo 17's lunar module Challenger was designed for flight in the vacuum of space. This sharp picture from the command module America, shows Challenger's ascent stage in lunar orbit. Small reaction control thrusters are at the sides of the moonship with the bell of the ascent rocket engine itself underneath. The hatch allowing access to the lunar surface is visible in the front and a round radar antenna appears at the top. This spaceship performed gracefully, landing on the moon and returning the Apollo astronauts to the orbiting command module in December of 1972 - but where is Challenger now? Its descent stage remains at the Apollo 17 landing site, Taurus-Littrow. The ascent stage was intentionally crashed nearby after being jettisoned from the command module prior to the astronauts' return to planet Earth. Apollo 17's mission was the sixth and last time astronauts have landed on the moon. <br>
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Apollo17<br><br>&quotEarth - Big Blue Marble/ Whole Earth"<br><br>This view of the Earth was seen by the Apollo 17 crew as they traveled toward the Moon on their NASA lunar landing mission. This outstanding translunar coast photograph extends from the Mediterranean Sea area to the Antarctica<br>south polar ice cap. This is the first time the Apollo trajectory made it possible to photograph the south polar ice cap.<br><br>(7 December 1972)
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The Soyuz-Apollo Soviet-U.S. space test crew: captain Alexei Leonov, right in the back row, and engineer Valery Kubasov, right in the front row, and astronauts Thomas Stafford, Donald (Deke) Slayton and Vance Brand. July 1975
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The Soyuz-Apollo Soviet-U.S. space crew after docking, July 1975. Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, center, and astronauts Thomas Stafford and Donald (Deke) Slayton.
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Space - Mars from 31,000km above the surface. &quotGrand canyon of Mars" shown, just a few miles south of the equator.
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MARS (viking 1 and 2) : Martian landscape and Viking 1 lander.
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MARS (Viking 1 and 2 ) : Mars from 260,500 miles.
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MARS (Viking 1 and 2 ) : Dust storm in the Argyre Basin.
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A72-5773 Mars taken at a distance of 50,000 km from Mars-3 launched May 28, 1971. Capsule lands height of dust storm
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<br><br><br>SURFACE OF THE PLANET MARS<br>Taken by the NASA Viking 1 Lander Spacecraft<br>Universal Pictorial Press<br>Photo CPC 065647<br>21.07.1976
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Members of the international Soyuz-38 space team, cosmonauts Arnaldo Tamayo-Mendez (right) and Yury Romanenko (left), practicing a splashdown.
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French cosmonaut-researcher Jean-Loup Chretien, crew member of Soyuz T-6 spacecraft, after landing.
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© UPPA.CO.UK<br>THE SPACE SHUTTLE ENTERPRISE<br>Universal Pictorial Press & Agency photo<br>CJN 160427 05.06.1983<br>COMPULSORY CREDIT: uppa.co.uk
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Space Shuttle CHALLENGER in Earth orbit - June 22 1983 - shuttle bay doors open
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Svetlana Savitskaya in extravehicular activities-metal cutting, smelting, welding and soldering-on the orbital complex, Salyut 7-Soyuz T 11-Soyuz T 12
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Space Shuttle Challenger crew who died<br><br>On January 28, 1986 America was shocked by the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger, and the death of its seven crew members.<br>The seven heroes: Michael Smith, Dick Scobee, Judith Resnik, Ronald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregory Jarvis, and Christa McAuliffe.
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The Space shuttle Challenger exploding in 1986
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Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster 1986
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Horror of Shuttle Challenger - witnesses
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People in a department store watch the space shuttle Challenger as it crashes, shown on multiple screens in a television display. January 28, 1986 ©Dan Chidester / The Image Works
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March 13, 2001. Fifteen years ago (1986) the first expedition -- crew members Leonid Kizima and Vladimir Solovyev -- started to work aboard the orbital research station Mir. Cosmonauts Leonid Kizima /right/ and Vladimir Solovyev in the Yu. Gagarin Space Training Centre. Photo by A. Mokletsov from RIA Novosti's collection. 86-4303.<br>ÿØÿà
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February 20, 2001. The Mir, scientific-research station, was put into orbit 15 years ago. It is the spacecraft cluster permanently operating in circum-terrestrial space. Lots of international research and experiments were carried out on board. Regrettably, in January 2001 the Russian Cabinet ordered that the orbital joint craft stopped working due to &quotits extreme wear-out". This March, the Mir station will be de-orbited and brought down to the ocean. Russian Mission Control. Photo by Alexei Mokletsov. RIA Novosti collection. 87-6631.<br>
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88-150033 88-15032 Buran (Snowstorm), the Soviet re-usable space shuttle, affixed to its booster rocket, Energiiya, at Baikonur, Russia’s launch site, Kazakstan. The Buran and its carrier rocket, Energia.
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The USSR Pilot-Cosmonaut Vladimir Lyakhov (left), Researcher-Cosmonaut of the Republic of Afghanistan Abdul Ahmad Momand (center) and physician Valery Polyakov (right).
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Pilots-Cosmonauts Alexander Volkov, Sergei Krikalev and Valery Polyakov, members of the Soyuz-7-TM space crew, after soft-landing.
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British hopeful astronaut Clive Smith prepared to undergo G-force impact trial in a centrifuge at the Yury Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Centre.
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Britain's hopeful astronauts Timothy Mace (left) and Gordon Brooks (right) at the Yury Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Centre.
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Sharman exiting Soyuz The first British astronaut, Helen Sharman, being helped out of the Soyuz landing craft after her mission to the Mir space station in 1991.
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A70-31993 Rockets to take the Mars & Venera out into space.
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I03-8358 Mars probe
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<br> The recent interpretation of data from the Clementine spacecraft mission, a joint Ballistic Missile Defense Organization/NASA venture, has revealed that deposits of ice could exist in permanently dark regions near the South Pole of the Moon. Initial estimates suggest that the ice deposit area is the size of small lake (60 to 120 thousand cubic meters), and that the lunar crater containing the ice deposit has a depth greater than the height of Mount Everest, and a rim circumference twice the size of Puerto Rico.<br> The discovery of ice on the Moon has enormous implications for the potential return of humans to the Moon's surface and the establishment of a permanent lunar station. The lunar ice could be mined and dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen by electric power provided by solar panels or a nuclear generator, providing both breathable oxygen and potable water for the permanent station on the Moon. Hydrogen and oxygen are also prime components of rocket motor fuel and could potentially result in the establishment of a Òlunar filling stationÓ making transport to or from the Moon more economical by at least a factor of ten.<br> The Clementine spacecraft was launched aboard a Titan II missile from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif., on Jan. 25, 1994. Its primary military mission was to qualify lightweight sensor and camera technology for possible application for ballistic missile defense programs, but it also demonstrated a capability for low-cost, high-value space exploration missions. .<br><br>Space
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Space shuttle Atlantis and sixth docking with Russian space station Mir.
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On April 4, 2000, the Soyuz TM-30 spaceship has been launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome with spacemen Sergei Zaletin and Alexander Kaleri on board. The space mission will have to spruce up the Mir station which was invalidated late in August 1999. The Mission Control Centre. Photo from the archives of RIA Novosti. 95 - 2286.<br>4th April 2000
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95-95 The “Progress” plant , Samara city, Russian Federation [E06R67]. Making the Proton space rocket
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V00-647 Proton rocket. ISS (Interantional Space Station) project
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NASA SPACE ART<br><br><br>This artist's rendering shows the Galileo orbiter arriving at <br>Jupiter on Dec. 7, 1995. A few hours before arrival, the orbiter will have flown within about 1,000 kilometers (600 miles) of Jupiter's moon lo, shown as the crescent to the left of the spacecraft. The sun is visible between Io and the spacecraft, near the spacecraft's long magnetometer. Jupiter is to the right.A faint white streak above the planet's clouds shows the atmospheric probe beginning to decelerate before it deploys aparachute for its scientific mission to collect data as it descends into the atmosphere and relay that data to the orbiter. About an hour after the probe's mission is over, the orbiter will brake with its rocket engine to go into orbit around Jupiter for a two-year, 11-orbit study of Jupiter, its satellites and its magnetosphere. The Galileo mission is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. The Galileo probe is managed by NASA'sAmes Research Center, Moffett Field. Calif.
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Space Planets Mars piece of meteorite primitive life form found 1996
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'Mars Attacks' by Tim Burton. Made in USA, 1996. <br>Credit: KPA / HIP / TopFoto
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Caption: Kazakh Desert: Doctors check up on health of cosmonaut Lazutkin after return from Mir space station. 1997 Adam Tanner/The Image Works CTAN0366
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The three wind socks on Mars Pathfinder
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An area NASA Scientists have dubbed " Twin Peaks "
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&quot7/97 The Mars Pathfinder rover Sojourner, photographed on the Martian surface by Pathfinder lander. The small rock on the left is "&quotBarnacle Bill,"" the large rock in the upper right is "&quotYogi."" ©The Image Works Archives EIWA0714"
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(December 10, 1997) --- The first U.S. module to be launched to the International Space Station, a connecting module called Node 1, is shown as it neared the completion of manufacturing in the spring of 1997. The node was shipped from the Boeing manufacturing facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, to the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, to begin launch preparations in June 1997. The 22-foot long by 14-foot diameter node has six hatches like the one in which this technician is working that will connect to other Russian and U.S. station modules. The node will be launched aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour in July 1998 and be docked with the already orbiting Functional Cargo Block, to be launched in June 1998 aboard a Russian rocket.
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97_11949 (December 10, 1997) --- Astronauts Jerry Ross and Jim Newman train for one of the three spacewalks they will perform as they begin assembly of the International Space Station aboard Space Shuttle mission STS-88 in July 1998. Ross and Newman are in the Sonny Carter Training Facility, a giant new swimming pool-type facility opened in 1997 at the Johnson Space Center specifically to accommodate training for station assembly. The spacewalks by Ross and Newman will finalize the connection of a module called Node 1 to be launched aboard STS-88 and the Functional Cargo Block, which will have been launched earlier aboard a Russian rocket. In this view, a mockup of the node is on the right in the foreground and a mockup of the FGB is on the left in the background.
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Launch of the Spirit Rover Toward Mars. Explanation: Next stop: Mars. Last month the first of two missions to Mars was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA above a Boeing Delta II rocket. Pictured above, solid fuel boosters are seen falling away as light from residual exhaust is reflected by the soaring rocket. The Mars Exploration Rover dubbed Spirit is expected to arrive at the red planet this coming January. Upon arriving, parachutes will deploy to slow the spacecraft and surrounding airbags will inflate. The balloon-like package will then bounce around the surface a dozen times or more before coming to a stop. The airbags will then deflate, the spacecraft will right itself, and the Spirit rover will prepare to roll onto Mars. The robotic Spirit is expected to cover as much as 40 meters per day, much more than Sojourner, its 1997 predecessor. Spirit will search for evidence of ancient Martian water, from which implications might be drawn about the possibility of ancient Martian life. A second rover named Opportunity was successfully launched on July 7 and will arrive at Mars a few weeks later. <br>
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As photographed through a hatch window on the Space Shuttle Discovery, Russia's Mir space station is backdropped against Earth's horizon. The photo was made<br>during the final fly-around of the members of the fleet of NASA shuttles. <br><br><br>STS091-707-060 (2-12 June 1998) ---
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The Space Shuttle Discovery approaches Russia's Mir space station in this 70mm photograph taken from the Mir. The nadirperspective affords a clear look at the layout of the cargo bay, revealing the open bay doors; the docking apparatus for connecting to Mir (near cabin), the tunnel;<br>the SPACEHAB module (second element from aft); the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (near aft firewall); and the Ku-band antenna for communications (near cabin). Affixed to the lower right corner of the top of SPACEHAB is the external antenna for the SPACEHAB universal communications system (SHUCS). Discovery is the third Shuttle to visit Mir in a series of ten rendezvous (including nine docking) missions. <br>
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MIR Space Station<br><br>Russia's Mir Space Station, as seen in this Electronic Still Camera (ESC) photo from the Space Shuttle Atlantis, and the Space Shuttle begin their relative separation following undocking activity early today, during Flight Day 9. <br><br> (24 September 1996) ---
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Shuttle (STS-71) docked with Russian MIR Space Station
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Russia's Mir space station is backdropped over the blue and white planet Earth in this medium range photograph recorded during the final fly-around of the members of the fleet of NASA's shuttles. Seven crew members, including Andrew S.W. Thomas, were aboard the Discovery when the photo was taken; and two of his former cosmonaut crewmates remained aboard Mir. Thomas ended up spending 141 days in space on this journey, including time<br>aboard the Space Shuttles Endeavour and Discovery, which delivered and retrieved him to and from the Mir. <br><br>STS091-727-051 (2-12 June 1998) --- <br><br>
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NATIONAL PICTURES. LIFE ON MARS? FEATURE- NANOBES FOUND OFF THE COAST OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA IN SANDSTONE CORE BY BRITISH GEOLOGIST PHILIPPA UWIN. THE NANOBES ARE SIMILAR IN SHAPE AND SIZE OF FOSSILS FOUND BY NASA SCIENTISTS IN A MARTIAN METEORITE. SEE NATIONAL COPY. 19/03/99
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NATIONAL PICTURES. LIFE ON MARS? FEATURE- NANOBES FOUND OFF THE COAST OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA IN SANDSTONE CORE BY BRITISH GEOLOGIST PHILIPPA UWIN. THE NANOBES ARE SIMILAR IN SHAPE AND SIZE OF FOSSILS FOUND BY NASA SCIENTISTS IN A MARTIAN METEORITE. SEE NATIONAL COPY. 19/03/99
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On June 2, 2000 the Baikonur cosmodrome marks its 45th birthday. From here, the first intercontinental ballistic missile was launched. In 1957 the first-ever artificial Earth satellite was put into orbit. In 1961 the world's first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, blaized the trail to outer space. Regular flights of multiseater spaceships began from Baikonur in 1964 and continue to date. The Russian orbital space stations Salut and Mir started from here. Baikonur has sent to space 91 Russian and 27 foreign cosmonauts. A second module for the International Space Station is being prepared to be launched in July 2000. Baikonur cosmodrome. On the launch site. &quotGoing to work".
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V00-496 June 16, 2000. Soyuz TM-30 capsule lands with cosmonauts Sergey Zaletin and Alexander Kalery successfully landed in Kazakhstan, 44km away from the town of Arkalyk. During their mission, which lasted 70 days, they managed to find and repair a leak in the Mir space station, as well as to check and tune all the equipment of the space complex. Soyuz TM-30 landing capsule.
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J67-3178 Space dogs+early rockets. The rocket’s head upon landing.
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(29 October 2000) --- A train engine transports the Soyuz rocket from the assembly building toward the launch pad at the Baikonur complex in Kazakhstan.
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November 16, 2000. Rosaviakosmos chief Yuri Koptev said that the Russian government will allocate 750 million roubles for removing from orbit and dumping the space station Mir. This sum will be taken from additional revenues of the federal budget. RIA Novosti photo. BOO-103<br><br>ÿØÿà
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CHEYENNE MOUNTAIN, COLORADO Capt. Dan Queen, an orbital analyst with the U.S. Air Force, watches the progress of the Mir space station on a computer screen at the Space Command Center inside the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base. Russia has decided to plunge Mir into the Pacific Ocean on Friday after 15 years in space. March 20, 2001 ©Sean Cayton/ The Image Works
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A space bike, an innovation devised in Russia for cosmonauts to walk freely in the open space.
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On March 23, 2001, at 8:59:24 a.m., Moscow time, the de-orbited Russian space station Mir plunged into the Pacific Ocean. Being the basic unit of a multi-functional non-stop complex with special orbital modules, it had made 86,200 orbits around the Earth. Mir had hosted over 100 Russian and foreign astronauts for them to carry out more than 20,000 research assignments onboard. The Russian astronauts V. Afanasyev and S. Avdeyev, on the Mir crew, engaged in extravehicular activity.<br>
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&quotEVAtion" <br><br>------------------------------------------------------------------------<br><br>Full Description<br><br><br><br>Mission Specialist Bruce McCandless II, is seen further away from the<br>confines and safety of his ship than any previous astronaut has ever <br>been. This space first was made possible by the Manned Manuevering Unit <br>or MMU, a nitrogen jet propelled backpack. After a series of test <br>maneuvers inside and above Challenger's payload bay, McCandless went <br>&quotfree-flying" to a distance of 320 feet away from the Orbiter. <br><br>This stunning orbital panorama view shows McCandless out there amongst <br>the black and blue of Earth and space.<br><br><br>------------------------------------------------------------------------<br><br>Keywords<br>STS-41B Challenger Manned Maneuvering Unit MMU Bruce McCandless Extravehicular Activity EVA Spacewalk <br>------------------------------------------------------------------------<br><br>Subject Category<br>Space Shuttle, EVAs-Spacewalk, <br>------------------------------------------------------------------------<br><br>Reference Numbers<br><br>* Center: JSC <br>* Center Number: S84-27031 <br>* GRIN DataBase Number: GPN-2000-001087 <br>------------------------------------------------------------------------<br><br>Source Information<br><br>* Creator/Photographer: NASA <br>* Original Source: DIGITAL <br>------------------------------------------------------------------------<br><br>Image Information ( Copyright Notification )<br>
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A70-31994 October 31, 2002. The first-ever space rocket was launched to Mars in the Soviet Union, November 1, 1962. An automatic inter-planetary station Mars-1 was set on board the rocket.
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UK St Margret at Cliffe Bay -- 09/2003 -- Time exposure of this bay on the south coast of England showing the planet Mars (top, center, left), during a rare period of it's orbit which has bought it closer to Earth than it has been for around 60,000 years -- Picture © Jon Mitchell / Lightroom Photos
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Professor Colin Pillinger attends a press conference in London, Thursday December 26, 2003, after the team lost contact with the Beagle 2 Mars probe on Christmas Day. Scientists today remained optimistic of the success of Britain's Beagle 2 Mars mission despite the earlier failure of the latest attempt to pick up the probe's signal. See PA Story SCIENCE Beagle. PA Photo: Stefan Rousseau.
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Space Mars. Nix Olympia. Largest known volcano in the Solar System.
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Space Mars. Ascreas
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Space Mars. Thassis
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This image mosaic taken by the panoramic camera onboard the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit shows the rover's landing site, the Columbia Memorial Station, at Gusev Crater, Mars. This spectacular view may encapsulate Spirit's entire journey, from lander to its possible final destination toward the east hills. On its way, the rover will travel 250 meters (820 feet) northeast to a large crater approximately 200 meters (660 feet) across, the ridge of which can be seen to the left of this image. To the right are the east hills, about 3 kilometers (2 miles) away from the lander. The picture was taken on the 16th martian day, or sol, of the mission (Jan. 18/19, 2004). A portion of Spirit's solar panels appear in the foreground. Data from the panoramic camera's green, blue and infrared filters were combined to create this approximate true color image. <br><br>
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This high-resolution image from the panoramic camera on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit shows the region containing the patch of soil scientists examined at Gusev Crater just after Spirit rolled off the Columbia Memorial Station. Scientists examined this patch on the 13th and 15th martian days, or sols, of Spirit's journey. Using nearly all the science instruments located on the rover's instrument deployment device or &quotarm," scientists yielded some puzzling results including the detection of a mineral called olivine and the appearance that the soil is stronger and more cohesive than they expected. Like detectives seraching for clues, the science team will continue to peruse the landscape for explanations of their findings. Data taken from the camera's red, green and blue filters were combined to create this approximate true color picture, acquired on the 12th martian day, or sol, of Spirit's journey. <br><br>
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This image shows the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit probing its first target rock, Adirondack. At the time this picture was snapped, the rover had begun analyzing the rock with the alpha particle X-ray spectrometer located on its robotic arm. This instrument uses alpha particles and X-rays to determine the elemental composition of martian rocks and soil. The image was taken by the rover's hazard-identification camera. <br>
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Frosty Mountains on Mars - Explanation: What causes the unusual white color on some Martian mountains? The answer can be guessed by noticing that the bright areas disappear as springtime takes hold in the south of Mars: dry ice. Dry carbon dioxide ice sublimates directly to gas from its frozen state. The frosty mountains, named Charitum Montes, have been covered with carbon dioxide ice over the Martian winter. The serene scene pictured above is not a photograph, but rather a computationally constructed digital illusion resulting from the fusion of two color images from the Mars Orbital Camera and topographic data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter. Both instruments operate from the Mars Global Surveyor robot spacecraft currently orbiting Mars. The red planet continues to grow larger in terrestrial skies as Earth and Mars move closer to their recent-record closest approach on August 27. <br>
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With the release this month (October 2002) of the latest installment of 18,812 images, the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) passes another major milestone: more than 100,000 images have been validated and archived with the NASA Planetary Data System. The total number of archived images now available on-line is 112,218--more than twice the number of pictures acquired by the two Viking orbiters in 1976-1980. These pictures, from MOC extended mission subphases E07 through E12, were acquired August 2001 through January 2002. Every six months, after a six-month, labor-intensive archiving effort, the MOC team releases six months-worth of validated data to the NASA Planetary Data System.<br>The newly-released MOC images can be seen in the MOC Gallery, a web site maintained by Malin Space Science Systems, the company that built and operates MOC for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA.<br><br>Mars Global Surveyor is now in its sixth year orbiting the red planet. MGS reached Mars on 12 September 1997. The first MOC images were obtained on 15 September 1997.<br><br>The two pictures shown here were taken by the MOC narrow angle (high resolution) camera and &quotcolorized" by applying the colors of Mars obtained by the MOC wide angle cameras. Both pictures show gullies on the walls of two different meteor impact craters that occur in Newton Basin in Sirenum Terra, Mars. The picture on the left, showing gullies in a crater at 42.4°S, 158.2°W, exhibits patches of wintertime frost on the crater wall, and dark-toned sand dunes on the floor. The picture on the right, from a crater at 39.0°S, 166.1°W, is one of the highest-resolution images obtained from Mars. Its resolution is 1.5 meters (5 feet) per pixel--objects the size of school buses can be resolved in the full size image. The gullies in these craters originate at a specific layer and may have formed by release of groundwater to the martian surface in geologically recent times.<br>
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Spirit Pan from Gusev Crater <br>Explanation: After a seven month voyage of nearly 500 million kilometers through interplanetary space, NASA's Spirit Rover has reached the surface of Mars. Scroll right and see a mosaic panorama of Spirit's first images returned from its landing site in Gusev Crater! Taken by Spirit's navigation camera, the panorama covers 360 degrees, with the spacecraft in the foreground and the floor of Gusev Crater, thought to be an ancient lake bed, extending to the horizon. The entry, descent, and landing phase of Spirit's mission - referred to by mission planners as &quotSix Minutes of Terror" - began Saturday night around 8:30pm PST as Spirit entered the martian atmosphere at about 20,000 kilometers per hour. Updates on Spirit's status will be posted throughout the day. <br>
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US President George W. Bush laughs as he hears from Michael Foale, the Commander of the International Space Station prior to Bush speaking at the NASA's Headquarters 14 January 2004 in Washington, DC. Bush proposed another landing on the moon leading to an eventual Mars landing by man. ©Lynne Fernandes / The Image Works
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US President George W. Bush speaks at the NASA's Headquarters 14 January 2004 in Washington, DC. Bush proposed another landing on the moon leading to an eventual Mars landing by man. ©Lynne Fernandes / The Image Works
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EARTH The Moon -- 01 Sep 2006 -- This mosaic of images, obtained by the Advanced Moon Imaging Experiment (AMIE) on board ESA's SMART-1 spacecraft, shows the SMART-1 landing site on the Moon, with a new indication of the impact time as calculated after the last orbit correction manoeuvre on 1 September 2006. AMIE obtained the image sequence on 19 August 2006 from the relatively high distance of 1200 kilometres from the surface (far from the SMART-1 perilune, or point of closer approach), with a ground resolution of about 120 metres per pixel. The imaged area, located at mid-southern latitudes on the lunar near-side, belongs to the so-called 'Lake of Excellence'. To take these images, SMART-1 had to be tilted by 20 degrees in order to obtain a large ground coverage and an image mosaic of several views, each covering an area about 60 kilometres per side. SMART-1's impact is now expected on 3 September 2006 at 07:42 CEST (05:42 UT), at 46.2¼ West longitude and 34.2¼ South latitude, but it could take place one orbit earlier, at 02:38 CEST (00:38 UT), if an unknown peak is in SMART-1's way -- Picture by Lightroom Photos / ESAl
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Cryobot Technology Delivers Science Instruments into Icy Environments <br><br>The ice of Europa and Mars offers exciting possibilities for exploration, including the exceptional challenge of delivering in situ science instruments, either just below the surface or deep into subsurface environments. <br><br>To address this, the Cryobot moves through ice by melting the surface directly in front of it, while allowing the liquid to flow around the vehicle and refreeze behind it. As it makes this passage, its instruments take measurements of the encountered environment and send the collected data back to the surface lander. For terrestrial applications and on Mars, it appears that a communications cable could be used for penetration of shallower depths. This cable would be quite small in diameter and stowed in the rear of the vehicle. As the vehicle descends, the cable is payed out so that the refreezing ice does not entrap it. On Europa, the thicker ice would require use of mini-radiowave ice transceiver relays.
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Prelaunch preparations of the PROTON-M carrier vehicle with the American spacecraft AMS-23.
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Brazil's first astronaut Marcos Pontes trying on a spacesuit. On the Baikonur cosmodrome, the flight and stand-by crews of the Soyuz TMA-8 spaceship had a training and tried on spacesuits.
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A Soyuz-U launch vehicle with a Progress M-58 freighter being transported from the vehicle assembly building on site No. 112 to the launch facility on site No.1 at the Baikonur space center.
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